What is Preeclampsia?

Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that affects about 5-8% of pregnant women worldwide. It is a condition that is characterized by high blood pressure (hypertension) and damage to organs, often the kidneys, that typically develops after the 20th week of pregnancy. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications for both the mother and the baby.

The exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown, but it is believed to be related to problems with the blood vessels in the placenta. Normally, the placenta delivers oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus, but in preeclampsia, the blood vessels in the placenta become constricted, reducing blood flow to the fetus and depriving it of oxygen and nutrients. This can cause growth problems in the fetus, premature birth, or stillbirth.

Symptoms of preeclampsia may include high blood pressure, swelling (edema) in the hands and face, sudden weight gain, headaches, blurred vision, and abdominal pain. However, some women may have no symptoms at all, making it important for healthcare providers to regularly check blood pressure and other vital signs during prenatal care.

Risk factors for preeclampsia include a first-time pregnancy, a history of high blood pressure or kidney disease, multiple pregnancies, obesity, age over 35, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Family history of preeclampsia may also increase the risk.

If preeclampsia is suspected, healthcare providers may order blood tests to check liver and kidney function, and an ultrasound to monitor fetal growth and amniotic fluid levels. Treatment for preeclampsia may include bed rest, close monitoring of blood pressure and other vital signs, and medications to control blood pressure and prevent seizures.

If the condition is severe or the mother’s or baby’s health is at risk, delivery may be necessary, even if the baby is premature. In some cases, doctors may induce labor or perform a cesarean section to deliver the baby and placenta, which is the only cure for preeclampsia. In severe cases, women may need to be hospitalized for observation and treatment.

After delivery, blood pressure and other vital signs will continue to be closely monitored, as preeclampsia can sometimes develop after delivery. Women who have had preeclampsia are also at increased risk of developing high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke later in life.

Prevention of preeclampsia is difficult because the exact cause is unknown, but there are some things women can do to reduce their risk. Getting early and regular prenatal care, maintaining a healthy weight before and during pregnancy, and managing chronic medical conditions can help. Aspirin may also be recommended for women at high risk of developing preeclampsia.

In summary, preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that requires close monitoring and medical attention. Women who have had preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy are at increased risk of developing it again in future pregnancies, making it important to discuss the condition with healthcare providers during prenatal care.