What is Prolactin?

Prolactin is a hormone that is primarily responsible for stimulating lactation or milk production in women after childbirth. It is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. Prolactin plays a key role in regulating a variety of physiological functions in both men and women, including reproductive health, metabolism, and immune system function.

In women, prolactin levels increase during pregnancy, and after delivery, it stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk for the newborn infant. Prolactin also plays a role in regulating the menstrual cycle and ovulation in women, and high levels of prolactin can disrupt these processes and lead to infertility.

In men, prolactin levels are normally low, but can be elevated in certain conditions, such as a pituitary tumor or medication use. High levels of prolactin in men can lead to decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and infertility.

Prolactin levels can be measured through a blood test, typically in the morning when levels are highest. Elevated levels of prolactin may be an indication of a pituitary tumor or other medical condition, and further testing may be necessary to determine the underlying cause.

Treatment for high prolactin levels may involve medication, such as dopamine agonists, which can decrease prolactin production and help restore normal hormone levels. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a pituitary tumor.

Low levels of prolactin are generally not a cause for concern, although they may be a sign of an underlying medical condition or medication use. In some cases, low prolactin levels can affect lactation in breastfeeding women, and medication may be prescribed to stimulate milk production.

Prolactin plays a critical role in lactation and reproductive health, but it also has other important functions in the body. Research has shown that prolactin may be involved in immune system regulation and has been linked to autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. It may also play a role in regulating metabolism, and some studies have suggested that prolactin may be involved in the development of obesity and metabolic disorders.

In summary, prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a key role in regulating lactation and reproductive health in women and men. Elevated levels of prolactin can be a sign of a pituitary tumor or other medical condition, and may require further testing and treatment. Low levels of prolactin may affect lactation in breastfeeding women, but are generally not a cause for concern. Prolactin may also be involved in regulating immune system function and metabolism, and further research is needed to fully understand its role in these processes.